Socioeconomic Status And Race The Role Of Teachers And...

Reflecting on the Intersections of Socioeconomic Status and Race: The Role of Teachers and Staff Members of Urban High Schools Introduction A study conducted by Miller, Rainie, Purcell, Mitchell, Rosenstiel (2012), for the Pew Research Center, evaluated different community types—including urban, suburban, small town and rural communities—on various measures, including education levels, income levels and racial and ethnic makeup of their populations. What was found in regard to the differences between these communities was that suburban areas, in comparison to urban areas, have higher income and education levels. Large cities, or urban areas, were found to have one of the highest rates (35% of the population) of income levels below†¦show more content†¦In light of this information about the demographics and outcomes of urban populations, along with the readings discussed in lecture pertaining to these populations, the purpose of this paper will be to explore the intersections of race and socioeconomic status of urban high school students. Lastly, this paper will explore how teachers and staff of t hese high schools may be able to better serve these students by knowing their histories of oppression, advocating for success, and promoting change. Socioeconomic Status Since urban areas, and subsequently urban high schools, have a high population of low-income residents, it is important to explore how this aspect of their social status has affected these individuals historically. According to Mantsios (2006) a majority of the United States (60 percent) hold less than 6 percent of the wealth. What is more, one in eight people live below the federal poverty level Mantsios (2006). This is important, because class level is strongly correlated with educational outcomes and success, which can be explained by class domination Mantsios (2006). Essentially, people who are born into wealthy families versus poor families have more opportunities provided to them on the basis of their class status or familial connections Mantsios (2006). Take for instance the example Schmidt (2007) given of white students with mediocre grades getting into Ivy League

Abortion is a Sin Essay - 1095 Words

Abortion is one of the most controversial social issues in today’s society. Over forty two million abortions are performed each year on legal and illegal grounds and one-hundred and fifteen thousand daily around the world. Abortion throughout human history has been practiced in every culture on earth. In primitive societies abortion was carried out by using sharp sticks or putting sheer pressure on women’s torsos. The result of which was vaginal bleeding. The greatest cultures which this world had fostered long before us also had their own methods of abortions. In fact, techniques for terminating pregnancies are printed in mankind’s longest surviving medical texts. The practice of abortion is frowned upon in today’s society since it†¦show more content†¦In the 13th Century Pope Innocent III (1198-1216 AD) stated that â€Å"the time when a woman first feels the fetus move within her— was the moment at which abortion became homicide† most critics of abortion do in fact feel that the moment of animation that abortion is in fact a sinful because that is when the fetus begins to show signs of life. Subsequent to his reign Pope Gregory XIV (1535-1591 AD) declared that after a period of 116 days (which is about 17 weeks) abortion was not rounds for excommunication. This policy held out until 1869. The Bible still discusses abortion as a crime, it states that â€Å"whoever sheds the blood of man, by men shall his blood be she; for in the image of God has God made man,† (Genesis 9:6) This passage does not directly address abortion however it does say that shedding the blood of man is a sin against the Lord and abortion is killing a living being without giving it a chance to live. Reverend John C. Reiss, from The Catholic Bishops of New Jersey states, The call to defend the poor and the helpless is the most basic duty of Christians. If the life of a child in his mothers womb is threatened, no one is safe. Our faith calls us to witness this truth by our action - All human life is sacred! The Lord calls us to defend all that is sacred and defend the helpless, the Holy Bible says rather similarly, â€Å"DefendShow MoreRelatedAbortion As A Crime And A Sin1654 Words   |  7 Pages Every year 1,511,300 infant lives are taken; 1,500,000 are victims of abortion, not including countries other than our own. If a mother were to kill her child after it were born it would be considered murder, so why is it that when a mother is growing her child inside of her there are no legal consequences for aborting her child? Over a span of several lifetimes, and in a variety of cultures, there is history of women helping each other to abort. Over time the harmful and dangerous affects wereRead MoreOptions Other than Abortion Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesIn people’s minds, abortion is one of many solutions to get rid of a baby that is not wanted or it’s not the right time to raise a baby; it is also one of the most controversial issues of our time. Abortion has it’s own effects on people and society mostly in a bad way. Church and other religious groups are against abortion, while others in our society are supporters. There are some options other than abortion to solve this issue, such as: adoption, teen parenting, and more. â€Å"How many more womenRead MoreSince the foundation of morality, people have always lived their life by code. A code that suggests1200 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerally similar moral teachings on a number of moral issues, including; abortion, homosexuality and life after death. Although they have subtle differences, the moral teachings of abortion, homosexuality and life after death in Judaism and Buddhism are fundamentally the same. It is morally taught throughout Judaism that abortion is not forbidden, but expected to be considered only in serious conditions. When considering an abortion, the Jewish law requires the mother to consult and discuss with aRead MoreThe Case Of Roe V. Wade972 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Inasmuch as it is true, in our society abortion is an extremely controversial subject, however, it is also safe to say that it is a very opinionated matter between those who do and do not believe in it. Abortion has been legal in the United States since the case of Roe v. Wade in the winter of 1973 labeling it as a â€Å"fundamental right†, it has since been a moralRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma On Abortion1703 Words   |  7 PagesCWV-101 6/22/15 Professor James Waddell Ethical Dilemma on Abortion There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwide complicationRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1380 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures preformed in the United States each year. More than 40% of all women will end a pregnancy by abortion at some time in their reproductive lives. Abortion, it is simply the one of the most debated issue in our society today. â€Å"Is abortion bad?† â€Å"Is the fetus a baby?† â€Å"Why is it bad to kill a fetus if it’s not living?† The simpleRead MoreWhat Does The Bible Say About Abortion? Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesApplied Worldview Abortion is a major issue in our culture. It has divided our country for over four decades. Families and individuals are affected, as well as the whole of society. People on both sides of the issue passionately campaign for their position. â€Å"Abortion On Demand and Without Apology!† is the current mantra of those who support abortion. They are most often labeled pro-choice. â€Å"Stop Abortion Now!† is the mantra of those who oppose it. They are most often labeled pro-life. What doesRead MoreJewish, Christian, And Islamic Stance On Abortion969 Words   |  4 PagesJewish, Christian, and Islamic Stance on Abortion Certain religions frown upon various different acts, such as: premarital sex, homosexual relationships, and lying. But one event in which most religions strictly disapprove of is the act of abortion. The three major world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all see the death of an unborn child as a treacherous act that should never be committed. Abortion is a topic that is â€Å"not to be spoken of† due to the amount of judgements on it, but inRead MoreAbortion Ethical Issues Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge of dealing with these.† The ethical issue I have chosen is the issue of abortion; an abortion is â€Å"the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks.† In New Zealand, the legal law for an abortion is up to 14 weeks. Abortion is an ethical issue in the Catholic religion as they teach that human life is created and begins at the moment of conception, they believe it is a sin and immoral. There is a debate over this being an ethical issue as the twoRead MoreThe Meaning of Abortion Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meaning of Abortion Abortion is an apparition to end a pregnancy through the expulsion of the foetus from the womb .In the UK it is illegal to have an abortion after twenty four weeks apart from life threatening circumstances. Abortion is a very complex moral issue with huge diversity of opinion, even in the Christian church. What biblical teachings might be used in a discussion about abortion? Different churches have different opinions on abortion, for example

Mainly Marketing Involves The Coordination â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mainly Marketing Involves The Coordination? Answer: Introduction Marketing is the management procedure via which the goods and the services proceed from the concept to the consumer. Mainly marketing involves the coordination of the four elements, which together is known as the 4Ps of marketing, and they are product, price, place and the promotional strategy. However, marketing is built on thinking about the trading in relation to the customers needs and their satisfaction. Organizations teach consumers why they must select their products and services over the other competitive brands (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick 2012). The other important factor in accounting is its marketing strategy that is the overall business plan that is required to reach the people and turn them into its customers. However, the marketing strategy of any organization carries the organizations value proposition, the messages of key marketing, information regarding the target customer and the high-level elements of that organization. Marketing strategy thus, helps the organizatio n in developing their products, helps in right pricing of their products, effective distribution, and support the organization with marketing communication (Baker 2014). The chosen organization is Aldi and based on the company this report has been prepared to discuss about the background of the company, its marketing strategies since it came into existence and the marketing options they will need to sustain and move forward in the upcoming years. Background to the Company Aldi Group is the dominant chain of grocery store in Germany and is among the top competitors in the international market of food industry. It was founded in 1913 by the two brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht and was a private group then (Bain 2015). However, it became successful as the Europes largest retailer as it went against practically every possible quality of super marketing from the traditional reticence to its Spartan ambience of the stores. This company runs an approximate 3,000 stores under the mane of Aldi, Hofer and the Combi in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Australia, the United States, France and United Kingdom back 1990. From the day of its establishment, Aldi operates in the names of limited-assortment stores and hard discounters in the grocery business. The concept that has taken up by Aldi features of low overhead and its restricted selection to the leanest and the meanest extremity (Brandes and Brandes 2012). Aldi holds the choices at its stores at about 500 items, which is a different approach from the rest of the supermarket chains who are repeatedly increasing their product offerings and their selling space. The majority of these items of Aldi are packed grocery or dry products. However, around 95 percentages of Aldis products either are bartered in private or in packed labels and few of the products are produced explicitly for the chain (Wagner 2014). Aldi however acts in close association with their producers to design their commodities that are much economical to transport them, stock or sell, than any other branded products. Further, it has been seen that Aldi limits its customers choices and by this, they saves a lot of money. The stores of Aldi are small in comparison to its competitors who have much larger stores. Aldi does not sell fresh meat that actually helps in saving the companys money because it helps in avoiding the cost of refrigerator and the high wages that are reques ted by the meat cutter unions (Cannuscio et al. 2014). The Nature of Aldis Marketing Strategy The sector of Australian grocery is both hugely concentrated as well as competitive which provides an important challenge to any newcomer. In spite of the attractiveness, which the Australian market has for its international players, no foreign owned retailers have accepted a successful Greenfield activity in Australia until which was achieved by Aldi. However, the most heavily condensed market in the world is the Australian grocery and the two of its leading players are Woolworths and Coles Myers that has been taken over 76% of the market. In 2001 joined the global grocery retailer called Aldi in this concentrated and competitive market environment in Australia. However, this was an interesting step to enter the Australian market which was difficult and complex with none of the foreign-retailer who are previously been trying to begin its presence from scratch in the Australian market. Moreover, by 2004 it was found that Aldi has 83 stores over four states and already had secured 4 p ercent of New South Wales grocery market. Aldi became a business of billion dollar with its paid up capital of $1.25 billion and an income which was between $500 million and $1 billion along with 200 stores which were anticipated all over Australia by the end of 2006 (Hughes et al. 2013). The strategy that Aldi follows from the very beginning of its establishment mainly focuses on imparting products of high quality at cheaper prices (Kew and Stredwick 2017). Thus, they mainly follow the low price strategy, which consists of exclusive brand products, restricted range, focus and the policy of price challenge. The strategies are thus, discusses in details in the following points- Exclusive brand products- the main emphasis of the Aldi groups marketing strategy is on their exclusive brand products. They build partnerships with the leading manufacturers so that they can produce their own branded goods. However, they have very few branded products like Vegemite to offer their customers and they are in their target list for replacement whenever they can source a low cost and high quality alternative (Terpstra, Foley and Sarathy 2012). Restricted range- on its way to reduce the cost of its products Aldis capacity of doing it range to limited products. Aldi takes the lead from the market itself, they have specified that they are not in Australia to change what people want but they follow the marketing concerning that is successful that is the size or variation. Aldi however, search for suppliers who can help them with the products that require the attributes at much lower prices. However, according to their strategies they made those products available that are most popular like the availability of the products in their most popular sizes not in all the sizes. Therefore, the advantage that Aldi gets from this strategy is that like the other supermarkets, which stocks around 20,000 lines, Aldi only stocks 600 to 700 lines. It is therefore reducing costs by only stocking up one size of each product (Smith and Thomassen 2012). Focus- the marketing strategy also includes Aldis stern focus on which it observes as their key job. Thus, they do not pursue the policies that other leading brands follows for enlarging their retails base by involving petrol, liquor, pharmaceuticals and online shopping facility. However, in one area Aldi deviates from the very stern policy of them selling only one essential product is that they have a habit of surprise buys which actually makes the customers surprised when they sell batch of products in their stores, like television and computers for some fixed time. Aldi thus, prepared this kind of a scenario where they bring in a huge amount of goods that is matched with the cheap price and elevated quality policy. Policy of price change- Aldi is the company who first came with this type of price changing policy so that they can pass minimum costs to their customers and the last to maximize prices when the costs maximizes. However, they pointed out this change to their customers by placing a note where this is mentioned on the cartons in every stores of Aldi. However, Aldi has two important quality element added to their marketing strategy and they are- Value proposition- they never believe in compromising with their quality even though they sell their goods in cheaper prices. Thus, quality is maintained (Frow et al. 2014). Long-term approach- Aldi being an independent company with an increased ability to make their business settlements that can have a contrary impact on their short-term returns but can make a perception in their long-term goals (Dwivedi et al. 2012). Strategic Marketing Options for Aldi moving forward Aldi has been seen establishing its market in the international global markets but the dynamics of the markets changes very quickly. However, though Aldi has stride greatly to enter into the grocery market and taking over an outstanding market share but the ever-modifying market share can any time become an obstacle for them. However, Aldi cannot totally deny their competitors who are also working hard in enhancing their market share and utilizing the resources. However, it has organized itself to reach the competition with its competitors in Australia who are Woolworths and Coles Myers who market shares are quite high (Bailey 2017). Moreover, market share is always related to the product quality, which is its main determinant. Though qualities as well as other add on services also has a positive and high correlation when it comes to the business performance. However, based on its existing strategies it can be said that to hold on the market value and move forward with the growing co mpetitors Aldi must focus on the enhancement of the quality of their products so that they can give more of a tough competition to the supreme supermarkets. There is also some risk attached to this kind of an approach because there are rapid modifications that takes over the business strategy that can guide to the loss of hold on the observing and managing their business (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Those businesses that do not follow a clear strategy will always face difficulties when targeting their customers. Aldi however, has a powerful scope in imparting value added services to their customers. Value added services could be provided by take up the facility of shopping online. Along with this, they can try home delivery services of the shopping items along with click and collect services for their customers that can be easily executed in todays emerging internet facility (Hiebeler, Kelly and Ketteman 2012). Other leading brands in the market have already taken up these policies and so Aldi must offer these services to their customers. However, presently many options are easily available to the customers due to growing competitors and so customers are getting both good quality and at cheaper prices. Thus, the main problem can be loyalty for grocery firms. To made the customers loyal to their product Aldi can uses different types of loyalty cards or take up point based reward systems so that they can ensure a stable market share. Moreover, Australia is a culturally diverse country and thus, to attract more customers their groceries they must add various range of products for Indian, Chinese, Caribbean customers. This will attract more customers, help in their market share and enhance the growth of the organization (Kumar and Reinartz 2012). Lastly, Aldi must keep a tract and upgrade their software system so that there is no price difference in the newspapers and the advertisements, which must be displayed in the customers receipt after shopping to make them, informed that how much they have saved from Aldi. Thus, if Aldi adds these to their existing strategy plan they will definitely flourish more and be able to satisfy their customers. Conclusion To conclude this report, it can be said that Aldi started its journey from 1913 with the founding brothers named Theo and Karl Albrecht. However, from being a small private group to a successful leading retailer at Europe, Aldi has achieved it through its marketing strategy, which includes the exclusive brand products, restricted range, focus and the policy of price challenge. Aldi marketing strategy mainly focuses on delivering their customers low priced products that are having high quality. Their main aim is low pricing but they do not believe in compromising with their product quality. However, their marketing strategy has made them spread their business globally in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Australia, the United States, France and United Kingdom. Thus, there are two of its quality elements that are added in their market strategy which are value proposition and long-term approach. Moreover, with the growing competition and increasing options for the customers in the market it is important for Aldi to make some changes in their market strategy that can help them move forward with the time. Some of the options may be that they can attract customers by starting the facility of online shopping, reward points as well as increasing products keeping in mind the culturally diverse customers. References Bailey, M., 2017. Absorptive Capacity, International Business Knowledge Transfer, and Local Adaptation: Establishing Discount Department Stores in Australia.Australian Ec Bain, D., 2015. The top 500 family businesses in the world. Baker, M.J., 2014. Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Brandes, D. and Brandes, N., 2012.Bare essentials: the Aldi way to retail success. BoDBooks on Demand. Cannuscio, C.C., Hillier, A., Karpyn, A. and Glanz, K., 2014. The social dynamics of healthy food shopping and store choice in an urban environment.Social Science Medicine,122, pp.13-20. Dwivedi, A., Merrilees, B., Miller, D. and Herington, C., 2012. Brand, value and relationship equities and loyalty-intentions in the Australian supermarket industry.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(5), pp.526-536. Frow, P., McColl-Kennedy, J.R., Hilton, T., Davidson, A., Payne, A. and Brozovic, D., 2014. Value propositions: A service ecosystems perspective.Marketing Theory,14(3), pp.327-351. Hiebeler, R., Kelly, T. and Ketteman, C., 2012.Best practices: Building your business with customer-focused solutions. Simon and Schuster. Hughes, C., Wellard, L., Lin, J., Suen, K.L. and Chapman, K., 2013. Regulating health claims on food labels using nutrient profiling: what will the proposed standard mean in the Australian supermarket?.Public health nutrition,16(12), pp.2154-2161. Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kew, J. and Stredwick, J., 2017.Business environment: managing in a strategic context. Kogan Page Publishers. Kumar, V. and Reinartz, W., 2012.Customer relationship management: Concept, strategy, and tools. Springer Science Business Media. Smith, H. and Thomassen, ., 2012. Multi-category demand and supermarket pricing.International Journal of Industrial Organization,30(3), pp.309-314. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012.International marketing. Naper Press. Wagner, F.H., 2014.Is there an" Optimal Share" of Private Label Brands for a Grocery Retailer?: A qualitative analysis of Private Label Shares(Master's thesis). West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

Parlement of Paris under Louis XV

The period of the reign of Louis XV is characterised by the significant public, judges, and parlements’ opposition to the monarch’s government and to the proposed policies and laws. The opposition can be explained from several perspectives. Thus, the judges did not consider the regent and Louis XV as powerful leaders because their economic and political reforms ended as the great losses for the country.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Parlement of Paris under Louis XV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the role of the judges in the state was restored during the reign of the regent, but the fact only complicated the situation, making the opposition more obvious. From this point, the opposition against the reign of Louis XV and the associated policies was based on discussing the monarch’s reign as weak with references to the unsuccessful financial policies and to many inef fective diplomatic decisions with references to the results of the European wars. The government of Louis XV implemented two ineffective financial policies which made the country’s economics stagnate, and they even led to the decline of definite industries. Moreover, during a long period of time, the French economy depended on inadequate taxation policy. The first attempt to improve the financial situation within the country was associated with the implementation of John Law’s experiment which ended with the significant inflation. The next attempt to change the approaches to the country’s finances was the focus on the fiscal policies. The policy was implemented after the Seven Years War and provoked worsening of the economic situation with references to the newly increased taxation (Swann 1995). The opposition was inevitable. One more reason for developing the opposition is the inability of the government to propose the effective strategy and policy to contribut e to the country’s reputation and progress. The participation of France in the Seven Years War did not add to the country’s reputation or status, but it weakened the potential and all the country’s resources, leading to the economic and social instability.Advertising Looking for critical writing on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the situation was not improved because the judges, as the main opposition force, questioned the authority of the monarch and his decision (Swann 1995). Thus, they did not support any reforms proposed to gain the economic and political balance within the country. However, it is also possible to assume that the opposition was significantly based on the ideological wars which were typical for France during the whole period of the monarch’s reign. The status of Unigenitus was one of the most controversial questions associated with the ideological and r eligious lives of the country. Thus, the role of opposition against the government of Louis XV can be discussed with references to the activities of the Jansenist representatives and to the fact of the Jesuits expulsion in 1764 (Linton 1995; Swann 1995). Nevertheless, the ideological wars had less significant effects on the further development of the country in comparison with the financial and diplomatic failures. Thus, much opposition to the government of Louis XV depends on the general weakness of strategies and policies used by the regent and monarch in order to rule the country. In spite of several years of stability achieved by the monarch’s ministers, the reign of Louis XV is characterised by the loss of the country’s international reputation and internal power. The end of the monarch’s reign is also associated with the opposition movement which became the real challenge for authority and led to the dramatic changes in the country’s politics. Refer ences Linton, M 1995, ‘The rhetoric of virtue and the parlements, 1770-1775’, French History, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 180-201. Swann, J 1995, Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754-1774, Cambridge University Press, USA.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Parlement of Paris under Louis XV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on Parlement of Paris under Louis XV was written and submitted by user Demetrius Huff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Horror Movie Genre - A Deconstruction essays

Horror Movie Genre - A Deconstruction essays "I've always thought that there are great similarities between directing horror and directing comedy. With both, you're building up tension and curiosity. The audience is asking, 'what possibly could the punchline be here?' It's the exploitation of tension and that's what horror is all about. You've got to create a situation that's unbearably tense and the audience knows that something's going to happen. That the guy in the black is suddenly going to leap into the frame. It's a very unifying thing in a cinema" These are the words of Wes Craven, director of the 1984 movie A Nightmare on Elm Street. Some would say he is one of the initiators of the horror/slasher genre that spurned a flurry of unnecessary sequels and myriad clones. Others would say that he helped implement a level of excellence on the teen horror flick that was only ever reached again recently. Horror films are designed to invoke our worst hidden fears and to draw out our human insecurities that lie deep within. Horror effectively focuses on the strange and forbidden side of life that alarms us. They deal with our most basic instincts of fear and survival: our nightmares, our vulnerability, our fear of the unknown, of death and our loss of identity. Whatever force lies behind the horror genre, it simultaneously attracts and repels us. We yearn to see the monster defeated and life return to its stagnant normality whilst we are terrified by the forces of chaos or horror which threaten our peaceful existence. Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho was a groundbreakingly important film. Until then no one ever dreamed of killing off the heroine in the first half-hour of the movie. Rarely nowadays do you see a movie's opening scene without an innocent teen in some sort of peril. Psycho paved the way for Night of the Living Dead which in turn influenced The Texas Chainsaw Massacre which culminated in the "slasher" films finest hour - John Carpenters Halloween. Without Halloween we ...

Idioms and Expressions That Refer to Eating

Idioms and Expressions That Refer to Eating Idioms and Expressions That Refer to Eating Idioms and Expressions That Refer to Eating By Mark Nichol This post discusses a number of idiomatic expressions that refer literally or figuratively to consuming food and include some form of the word eat. To say that someone will eat someone else for breakfast is to convey that the first person will easily defeat the other in whatever competition or rivalry they are engaged in. Meanwhile, a dog-eat-dog environment is a highly competitive one, with a hyperbolic notion that people within it are so ruthless that they are like animals desperate enough to kill and eat each other. Similarly, to say that one person will eat another’s lunch is, on the analogy of the clichà © of a child stealing a classmate’s lunch, to suggest that a competitor or rival will best someone else decisively. On a related note, â€Å"Eat one’s young† means to betray someone to whom one has a responsibility. â€Å"Eat your heart out!† is a taunt to someone noted for an accomplishment, skill, or talent expressing that the speaker has outperformed the targeted person in that area; the idiom alludes to the notion that the target will agonize about being outperformed to the extent that it affects the person’s health- the defeat metaphorically eats away at his or her heart. Meanwhile, â€Å"Eat me!† and â€Å"Eat my shorts!† are vulgar taunts, while â€Å"Eat my dust!† from the notion that one will be running or driving faster, leaving the other person in a cloud of dust of one’s making, is milder to the point of being acceptable as a lighthearted jab. To say that one is getting or having a bite to eat, or to invite someone to join one for a bite to eat (or just a â€Å"bite†), suggests that the food consumed will consist of a snack or a light meal, though in reality it may turn out to be a full meal. To eat and run is to dine hurriedly. When one says, â€Å"I hate to eat and run!† it’s generally a jocular apology about doing so. To eat in is simply to dine at home rather than going to a restaurant. â€Å"Eat like a bird† alludes to how many birds pick at their food and seem to eat little, while eat like a pig invites comparison with the hearty enthusiasm of a pig when it eats. To eat one’s fill is to consume food until one is full, and a pregnant woman is said to be â€Å"eating for two† when her appetite increases. To eat someone out of house and home refers to when a house guest demonstrate one’s healthy appetite by exhausting the supply of food in the home of one’s host. To say that one could eat a horse is to express that one is extremely hungry. (It’s unclear why this idiom specifies the horse, which in Western civilization has generally not been considered a source of meat for people except in dire circumstance, rather than another large animal associated with meat, such as a cow. One clue is that the expression appears in several sources as â€Å"so hungry, [one] could eat a horse behind the saddle,† alluding to a traveler being so desperate that he would kill his mount for food.) When one says that one will eat one’s hat if something that seems unlikely is true or something that seems unlikely to happen occurs, the speaker is hyperbolically expressing that he or she will consume the headgear as punishment for his or her skepticism. The implication is that the speaker is so confident of the outcome that he or she believes that there is little chance he or she will have to keep his or her word and carry out the act. By the same token, to eat one’s words is to figuratively ingest them after expressing something that has been challenged or refuted; the idea is the same as having to take back one’s words. Eating crow or eating dirt, similarly, refers to the humiliation of being proven wrong; the notion is of having to ingest something unpalatable. The idea of eating humble pie is a figurative extension. When an idea, or an emotion such as guilt, eats away at someone, it is because the person feels as he or she is being gnawed at, with emotional distress akin to physical harm. By contrast, to say that something is eating through something else refers to one substance dissolving another, although it might also refer to pests such as termites gnawing on wood, and to say that one is being eaten alive is figurative and alludes to being swarmed by mosquitoes or biting insects. To eat high off the hog is to live well and prosper, from the notion that the best cuts of pork are located on the upper part of the pig’s body. To say that one has another person eating out of one’s hand (or the palm of one’s hand) suggests that the other person has been tamed, as when someone succeeds in getting a wild animal to eat food in this manner. â€Å"Eat up!† is a friendly admonition to partake in a meal. â€Å"Eat, drink, and be merry† carries the same sentiment, although the original expression concluded fatalistically, â€Å"for tomorrow we die†- a comment uttered at a feast on the eve of battle. When one is told that one looks good enough to eat, the speaker is comparing one’s attractiveness to the visual appeal of delicious-looking food. Meanwhile, assuring someone that one, or another person, â€Å"won’t eat you† is in response to the person assured being apprehensive about approaching or meeting someone because the other person seems imposing or threatening or the first person is shy. â€Å"Let them eat cake† was supposedly a callous response by a member of royalty to a report that peasants were too poor to afford bread. However, it is wrongly attributed to Marie Antoinette, queen of France at the time of the French Revolution, who was reportedly generous to the indigent. A similar remark, referring to the crust of pà ¢tà © rather than to cake, was rumored to have been uttered by another French queen more than a hundred years earlier and is likely the source of the misattributed quote. To say that someone is mad enough to chew (or eat) nails suggests hyperbolically that the person is gnashing his or her teeth out of anger so passionately that he or she could easily gnaw through metal. â€Å"Real men don’t eat quiche,† dating from the trendy popularity of the egg dish during the 1970s, suggests that the delicacy does not appeal to masculine taste in the way that, say, a piece of steak would. To say that a room is so clean, one could eat off the floor hyperbolically concludes that it has undergone such a painstakingly thorough cleaning that the floor is safe for placing food on. â€Å"You are what you eat,† originating early in the nineteenth century but repeated over the years and popularized during the 1960s, suggests the rather obvious notion that one’s diet determines the condition of one’s body. On a related note, the admonition to â€Å"eat your Wheaties† derives from the reputation of that brand of cereal for being particularly nutritious; one who wishes to be successful is encouraged to partake of it. â€Å"You can’t have your cake and eat it, too† means that one cannot simultaneously continue to enjoy the fact that one possesses something while consuming it or using it up. A reference to eating someone’s face has one of two meanings, depending on context. Denoting anger, it means that someone is so furiously confronting someone else that he or she is metaphorically devouring the other’s face. By contrast, people kissing passionately are sometimes said in humor to be eating each other’s faces. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Loan, Lend, Loaned, LentHonorary vs. Honourary

Motivation in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motivation in Business - Assignment Example There are many reasons why it is important to have a highly motivated workforce and all of them have become integral parts of the bottom line, to give something positive for the organization’s performance, especially in a highly competitive environment. In this paper, the author tries to incorporate some reasons why it is important to have a highly motivated workforce in an organization. From the perspective of a business consultant, some important moves in order to increase the motivation of employees and the implementation of these actions are discussed. The importance of motivation Motivation has varying definitions because there are different approaches that could explain it including instinct, drive, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and the hierarchy of needs (Feldman, 2003). At some point, it is more effective to combine all these approaches in order to explain what motivation is all about. For example, an individual’s effort to survive after an accident can be expl ained as an impact of his instinct to survive, then he would seek for medical help from the perspective of drive-reduction, and then his expectation that the doctors could help him can be justified using the cognitive perspective (Feldman, 2003). Applying the concept of motivation at work is important for the organization to tap the maximum potential of its workforce. ...Although, for instance, the lack of creativity may not simply imply a lack of motivation because not all people are creative in nature or has the ability to be creative. Fortunately, employees can be motivated in order to achieve the expected energy, commitment, and creativity. Energy It is important to motivate employees because motivation can actually provide them with the energy they need in order to perform their maximum function. From the point of view of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, employee’s satisfaction at work can significantly provide them with substantially high energy in order to do what they are expected of (French et al., 2008). However, Herzberg just emphasized that employees should have the ability and opportunity prior to motivating them.

American post civil war (1861 - 1865)poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American post civil war (1861 - 1865)poet - Essay Example on the market in the fifties rather than to, say, Equanil or Valium, gains ominous proportions when put in the perspective of a canvas which makes Lowell see the sun as a feared savage and the white magnolia blossoms as "murderous". True the metaphors are localised and the "rising sun" is symptomatic of the jaundiced imagination of the poet who fears passion and vitality, very much like an Indian savage in "war paint" who "dyes us red.† But what is more important than the intensifying death-in-life existence of the couple as explained by the pun on "dyes", is the association of this feeling of death with the word Miltown in the beginning of the poem. It is now that the word Miltown no longer remains a torment, but goes onto metonymically suggest such terms as Mill town, mill stone, and small town. It becomes an emblem of the space of doubt, of frustration, of angst that loomed large over the American population at a time when the first effects of a looming Cold War was being fe lt. The poets state of anxiety is thus immediately seen as true representation of a larger American dilemma, of a crisis that occurs in Small Town or Any Town in the United States. The image of neurotic fracture is intensified in the second half of the line and the dislocation of humankind is aptly shown in the image of the nuptial bed that has been replaced by "Mothers bed". Lowell seems to imply that this voice of degeneration, of aridity, of being a dislocated whole, is so alike the husband and wife, locked in a social charter called marriage and continuing to feel consummated, exhausted and dead in the relationship. He feels that these shadow lines can only grow larger until of course the marriage falls apart. In a way, the poem, trying to show the failure of the relationship, is an attempt to question the so-called Christian idea of family and happiness. It seems to make a mockery of the Christian values in a world where Miltown, the tranquilliser rules, and a space where, Miltown the

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films Essay ?I saw this quote in Mr. Laxman Gnawali’s laptop and I copied it right away, I don’t know but I liked that line very much. The quote was written on the wall of some park the place was really clean and that picture showed that it was really nice clean with lots of trees. After searching it in the internet I found it that it was the attribute to those who lost their lives in the war. We were talking about the teaching training session. We were told that we can achieve the next level in our career but we need to concentrate and do the session delivery seriously. There the quote was quite related because we had the freedom to be a teacher trainer but we have to be more responsible and develop certain habit, there with the freedom comes the responsibility. Looking at the history of freedom one can always see war as the synonyma for the freedom. The first thing that comes in our mind when we talk about freedom is war and quarrels. This phrase is mostly used by the people to show gratitude towards those who have lost their life in wars. There are so many articles and books written on them or about them. Shiv Khera have written a book â€Å"freedom is not Free† and there are mny other people who have talked about it and this is the phrase I think will be talked in coming future or as long as the existence of the human beings. Freedoms are rights of individuals, according to Webster its a state in which somebody is able to act and live as he or she chooses, without being subject to any, or to any undue, restraints and restrictions. As our country is democratic country and we proudly say that we are free, we have every freedom to do whatever we like to but in the beginning we fought for our freedom, can we still be fighting. In the beginning we fought for our freedom, with the birtishers, we fought with them not for the freedom but to keep our country free. We fought for the democracy from the Rana rulers and then we fought for the cruel royal rule and we achieve the freedom but the question remains that we have been fighting within ourselves. Now we have the ability to exercise free will and make choices independently of any external determining force, but are we truly free. I think we are still fighting within ourselves for the freedom we dream of. History has been our eyewitness that whenever we fought we fought to rule and not for the development or growth and we are still doing that. First we had MAHISHPAL than came GOPALA DYNESTYR and KIRAT after that many other than the most influential SHAH now we have politicians ruling still to rule not to develop. If I talk about the freedom realting with our history than it will never finish. Historians believe were not free, but on the other hand I just say we have our rights and restrains. Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would make peaceful human existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary and inevitable. But, we do have to recognize that basic limitation, to make our life safe. We the people have to turn over some of our rights so that our country performs right and many say that the government is in our business but if they werent all chaos would occur. But, Freedom becomes a cost, a cost of just giving up some rights in return to be a great nation. But, some cost could become a concern. In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson have clearly stated the difficulties and problems that America has to face on the process. The very recent and clear example abo;ut freedom is not free is our own country’s fight against the maost. We faced difficulties than one can imagine but ultimately we overcame with all the difficulties we faced. In the process of freedom government has to include all the armies of moist as well. There comes the pay for freedom. We had to go through traumas which many of the nation have been through but that trauma was from our own people to their own family. India, the biggest country with large population, which is emerging ijn every field in this modern time, have faced problems. They were colonized by British people and treated in the most cruel behave that one could ever treat to another human being in their own country but they fought for their freedom and have lost so many lives but at last they are free. The payment that they paid for the freedom are the lives, the great politicians and enthusiastic youths, there county were divided into parts and there is still fight among those country. Though they got the freedom they are still paying for it, that is why freedom is not free. America the land of opportunity, was not free and with the help of many freedom fighters they declare the independence. Instead of freedom they call it independent, as everyone knows in America most of the people are from different countries, the native people, the red Indians have actually lost their identity in order to be independent or free. the country have faced so many difficulties and still facing but it is the free country everyone says and believed that but they have the most criminal records and most frustration within their country. The fragmented society, self-centered individual, loss of culture and focus point of terrorism are the payment USA is paying with. Every country have their own struggle and history of freedom and the kinds pf payment they are paying as the freedom is not free. All the great people in this world has paid one or the other way for the freedom they fought for. Countries have faced the war and loss of the youngsters but the individual who are the great influential for that event lost their family ,loved once, and their own life as well. Hitler’s life story also suggest that freedom is not free. he hated zuse and to free himself from them he committed the crime which no human can forget and he is the most cruel person in this world. He could not face the failure and to make himself free from the thought of failure he continued doing the things which kept him free from that thought and the payment for the freedom of his thought is being cruel and called murderer and be alone in all his life. However his murder is still have no actual evidence but he was killed because he was becoming cruel and threat for many people so in the quest of freedom to free the abuse and feeling of failure he paid it with his life. Mahatma Gandhi, India call him their BAPU, was hated by his son because he had no time to spend with the family as he was in great mission to free his country from the Birtish. He freed his fellow country but the payment was his own children, he was killed by the very young person as people saw that his generosity is causing the country into many countries. He was free from all the material things and loved by all the people but to gain this freedom to loved by everyone with his life. The four martyrs, who was killed by rana rulers for their freedom speech also shows that whatever our country have got is not free. in whatever way we are enjoying or complaining about is actually the payment that those martyrs paid. They were from well known and educated family but in the quest to free the country from the ranas they paid their life and we got freedom. Being anyone as human is not free from all the responsibilities and rules that we need to follow. As a baby you are free to cry over anything but the payment is most of the time people don’t understand what your problem is. As a student you are allowed to make noise or make wrong choice but the payment is later on you have to fail in your exam and in your life. As a social worker you have the freedom to help others and take their pain as your own and the payment you have to pay is your time, for you and for your family, as an engineer, your freedom is to use any model but the payment is you have to be responsible for the lives of the people who will stay there, as writer you are free to write anything but the payment is no one will write about you, as the teacher you have the freedom to conduct your classroom as you wanted but the payment is you have to be the model all the time, you cannot make any mistake if you do you have to deal with all the consequences that might occur or the payment is your time and effort. When you see some advertisement on television about the free scheme, we always need to buy something with it because nothing is free, not even the water, the air. Freedom is actually the metaphor for all the responsibilities that comes with freedom. When one becomes the minister or join the politics, like in our country everyone blames them to be the negative one, you are free to be the politician but the payment is you won’t be trusted. When I first started to teach I don’t have any freedom to chose what I do in the classroom, so I was just following whatever the teacher told me to do and there no one expected anything from me so I was free from the responsibility and the payment I was paying is getting the low pay. As I developed the teaching learning skill and given the full responsibility of the class, I had the freedom to do any kind of things in the classroom and make it my own and include everything I have learnt but the payment is time and the continuous work load and no self time. Likewise with the PGDE course we had the freedom to garnish ourselves and the payment is all the criteria that was set for us to be what we were trained to be. FREEDOM IS NOT FREE, even the quote is controversial because when freedom is not free than why would one use these words and if it is used why it is mostly related with the people who have done so much for the betterment of the human being?

Animal Farm Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Orwell

I. Subject Animal Farm is about a group of animals that rebel against the farm owner in order to gain control of the farm and to be treated with more respect. It begins by explaining how the animals are wrongly treated by their owner, Mr. Jones. The setting is never made clear throughout the story but it is obvious to be set in the past, because of the dialog used as well as the tools used around the farm. Almost every animal in the story is a main character, although some standout more than others, including; Napoleon, Snowball, Mr. Jones, Old Major, and Boxer. Old Major is the protagonist in this novel because he is the character who instilled the correct morals into each animal. The animals are selfish and in the end, nothing turns out to be in their favor. Mr. Jones, the owner of the farm is cruel and mistreats his animals and does not take proper care of his farm. One day, the Old Major who is the wisest pig, tells the rest of the animals about a dream he has been having to get rid of their human master and run the farm on their own. After Old Major's death, two new leaders of the farm come into power and run Mr. Jones off of the farm which leaves the animals to fend for themselves and to take care of the farm by using a group effort. For a while, the animals work as hard as they possibly can to keep the farm in pristine condition and keep every animal fed with abundant amounts of food. The animals truly did keep much better care of the farm than Mr. Jones ever had. Shortly after, Napoleon becomes so selfish because of his power over the other animals on the farm, that he blocks Snowball from all of his power which then turns the other animals against him. Napoleon then uses Boxer, an intelligent horse to persuade t... ...n two legs. In the beginning of the story they were convinced to never walk on two feet because that was how their enemies walked. 9 IX. Genre The main genre of Animal Farm is political. Political is â€Å"a novel that deals with significant aspects of political life and in which those aspects are essential ingredients of the work† (Harmon 400). This novel has a political genre because it deals with politics in real life. Mainly the Soviet Revolution. A sub drama of Animal Farm is allegory. This means â€Å"a form of an extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. It represents one thing in the disguise of another† (Harmon 12). This novel is an allegory because every character and event that took place in the book represented something that happened in real life.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-two

Arya Her father had been fighting with the council again. Arya could see it on his face when he came to table, late again, as he had been so often. The first course, a thick sweet soup made with pumpkins, had already been taken away when Ned Stark strode into the Small Hall. They called it that to set it apart from the Great Hall, where the king could feast a thousand, but it was a long room with a high vaulted ceiling and bench space for two hundred at its trestle tables. â€Å"My lord,† Jory said when Father entered. He rose to his feet, and the rest of the guard rose with him. Each man wore a new cloak, heavy grey wool with a white satin border. A hand of beaten silver clutched the woolen folds of each cloak and marked their wearers as men of the Hand's household guard. There were only fifty of them, so most of the benches were empty. â€Å"Be seated,† Eddard Stark said. â€Å"I see you have started without me. I am pleased to know there are still some men of sense in this city.† He signaled for the meal to resume. The servants began bringing out platters of ribs, roasted in a crust of garlic and herbs. â€Å"The talk in the yard is we shall have a tourney, my lord,† Jory said as he resumed his seat. â€Å"They say that knights will come from all over the realm to joust and feast in honor of your appointment as Hand of the King.† Arya could see that her father was not very happy about that. â€Å"Do they also say this is the last thing in the world I would have wished?† Sansa's eyes had grown wide as the plates. â€Å"A tourney,† she breathed. She was seated between Septa Mordane and Jeyne Poole, as far from Arya as she could get without drawing a reproach from Father. â€Å"Will we be permitted to go, Father?† â€Å"You know my feelings, Sansa. It seems I must arrange Robert's games and pretend to be honored for his sake. That does not mean I must subject my daughters to this folly.† â€Å"Oh, please,† Sansa said. â€Å"I want to see.† Septa Mordane spoke up. â€Å"Princess Myrcella will be there, my lord, and her younger than Lady Sansa. All the ladies of the court will be expected at a grand event like this, and as the tourney is in your honor, it would look queer if your family did not attend.† Father looked pained. â€Å"I suppose so. Very well, I shall arrange a place for you, Sansa.† He saw Arya. â€Å"For both of you.† â€Å"I don't care about their stupid tourney,† Arya said. She knew Prince Joffrey would be there, and she hated Prince Joffrey. Sansa lifted her head. â€Å"It will be a splendid event. You shan't be wanted.† Anger flashed across Father's face. â€Å"Enough, Sansa. More of that and you will change my mind. I am weary unto death of this endless war you two are fighting. You are sisters. I expect you to behave like sisters, is that understood?† Sansa bit her lip and nodded. Arya lowered her face to stare sullenly at her plate. She could feel tears stinging her eyes. She rubbed them away angrily, determined not to cry. The only sound was the clatter of knives and forks. â€Å"Pray excuse me,† her father announced to the table. â€Å"I find I have small appetite tonight.† He walked from the hall. After he was gone, Sansa exchanged excited whispers with Jeyne Poole. Down the table Jory laughed at a joke, and Hullen started in about horseflesh. â€Å"Your warhorse, now, he may not be the best one for the joust. Not the same thing, oh, no, not the same at all.† The men had heard it all before; Desmond, Jacks, and Hullen's son Harwin shouted him down together, and Porther called for more wine. No one talked to Arya. She didn't care. She liked it that way. She would have eaten her meals alone in her bedchamber if they let her. Sometimes they did, when Father had to dine with the king or some lord or the envoys from this place or that place. The rest of the time, they ate in his solar, just him and her and Sansa. That was when Arya missed her brothers most. She wanted to tease Bran and play with baby Rickon and have Robb smile at her. She wanted Jon to muss up her hair and call her â€Å"little sister† and finish her sentences with her. But all of them were gone. She had no one left but Sansa, and Sansa wouldn't even talk to her unless Father made her. Back at Winterfell, they had eaten in the Great Hall almost half the time. Her father used to say that a lord needed to eat with his men, if he hoped to keep them. â€Å"Know the men who follow you,† she heard him tell Robb once, â€Å"and let them know you. Don't ask your men to die for a stranger.† At Winterfell, he always had an extra seat set at his own table, and every day a different man would be asked to join him. One night it would be Vayon Poole, and the talk would be coppers and bread stores and servants. The next time it would be Mikken, and her father would listen to him go on about armor and swords and how hot a forge should be and the best way to temper steel. Another day it might be Hullen with his endless horse talk, or Septon Chayle from the library, or Jory, or Ser Rodrik, or even Old Nan with her stories. Arya had loved nothing better than to sit at her father's table and listen to them talk. She had loved listening to the men on the benches too; to freeriders tough as leather, courtly knights and bold young squires, grizzled old men-at-arms. She used to throw snowballs at them and help them steal pies from the kitchen. Their wives gave her scones and she invented names for their babies and played monsters-and-maidens and hide-the-treasure and come-into-my-castle with their children. Fat Tom used to call her â€Å"Arya Underfoot,† because he said that was where she always was. She'd liked that a lot better than â€Å"Arya Horseface.† Only that was Winterfell, a world away, and now everything was changed. This was the first time they had supped with the men since arriving in King's Landing. Arya hated it. She hated the sounds of their voices now, the way they laughed, the stories they told. They'd been her friends, she'd felt safe around them, but now she knew that was a lie. They'd let the queen kill Lady, that was horrible enough, but then the Hound found Mycah. Jeyne Poole had told Arya that he'd cut him up in so many pieces that they'd given him back to the butcher in a bag, and at first the poor man had thought it was a pig they'd slaughtered. And no one had raised a voice or drawn a blade or anything, not Harwin who always talked so bold, or Alyn who was going to be a knight, or Jory who was captain of the guard. Not even her father. â€Å"He was my friend,† Arya whispered into her plate, so low that no one could hear. Her ribs sat there untouched, grown cold now, a thin film of grease congealing beneath them on the plate. Arya looked at them and felt ill. She pushed away from the table. â€Å"Pray, where do you think you are going, young lady?† Septa Mordane asked. â€Å"I'm not hungry.† Arya found it an effort to remember her courtesies. â€Å"May I be excused, please?† she recited stiffly. â€Å"You may not,† the septa said. â€Å"You have scarcely touched your food. You will sit down and clean your plate.† â€Å"You clean it!† Before anyone could stop her, Arya bolted for the door as the men laughed and Septa Mordane called loudly after her, her voice rising higher and higher. Fat Tom was at his post, guarding the door to the Tower of the Hand. He blinked when he saw Arya rushing toward him and heard the septa's shouts. â€Å"Here now, little one, hold on,† he started to say, reaching, but Arya slid between his legs and then she was running up the winding tower steps, her feet hammering on the stone while Fat Tom huffed and puffed behind her. Her bedchamber was the only place that Arya liked in all of King's Landing, and the thing she liked best about it was the door, a massive slab of dark oak with black iron bands. When she slammed that door and dropped the heavy crossbar, nobody could get into her room, not Septa Mordane or Fat Tom or Sansa or Jory or the Hound, nobody! She slammed it now. When the bar was down, Arya finally felt safe enough to cry. She went to the window seat and sat there, sniffling, hating them all, and herself most of all. It was all her fault, everything bad that had happened. Sansa said so, and Jeyne too. Fat Tom was knocking on her door. â€Å"Arya girl, what's wrong?† he called out. â€Å"You in there?† â€Å"No!† she shouted. The knocking stopped. A moment later she heard him going away. Fat Tom was always easy to fool. Arya went to the chest at the foot of her bed. She knelt, opened the lid, and began pulling her clothes out with both hands, grabbing handfuls of silk and satin and velvet and wool and tossing them on the floor. It was there at the bottom of the chest, where she'd hidden it. Arya lifted it out almost tenderly and drew the slender blade from its sheath. Needle. She thought of Mycah again and her eyes filled with tears. Her fault, her fault, her fault. If she had never asked him to play at swords with her . . . There was a pounding at her door, louder than before. â€Å"Arya Stark, you open this door at once, do you hear me?† Arya spun around, with Needle in her hand. â€Å"You better not come in here!† she warned. She slashed at the air savagely. â€Å"The Hand will hear of this!† Septa Mordane raged. â€Å"I don't care,† Arya screamed. â€Å"Go away.† â€Å"You will rue this insolent behavior, young lady, I promise you that.† Arya listened at the door until she heard the sound of the septa's receding footsteps. She went back to the window, Needle in hand, and looked down into the courtyard below. If only she could climb like Bran, she thought; she would go out the window and down the tower, run away from this horrible place, away from Sansa and Septa Mordane and Prince Joffrey, from all of them. Steal some food from the kitchens, take Needle and her good boots and a warm cloak. She could find Nymeria in the wild woods below the Trident, and together they'd return to Winterfell, or run to Jon on the Wall. She found herself wishing that Jon was here with her now. Then maybe she wouldn't feel so alone. A soft knock at the door behind her turned Arya away from the window and her dreams of escape. â€Å"Arya,† her father's voice called out. â€Å"Open the door. We need to talk.† Arya crossed the room and lifted the crossbar. Father was alone. He seemed more sad than angry. That made Arya feel even worse. â€Å"May I come in?† Arya nodded, then dropped her eyes, ashamed. Father closed the door. â€Å"Whose sword is that?† â€Å"Mine.† Arya had almost forgotten Needle, in her hand. â€Å"Give it to me.† Reluctantly Arya surrendered her sword, wondering if she would ever hold it again. Her father turned it in the light, examining both sides of the blade. He tested the point with his thumb. â€Å"A bravo's blade,† he said. â€Å"Yet it seems to me that I know this maker's mark. This is Mikken's work.† Arya could not lie to him. She lowered her eyes. Lord Eddard Stark sighed. â€Å"My nine-year-old daughter is being armed from my own forge, and I know nothing of it. The Hand of the King is expected to rule the Seven Kingdoms, yet it seems I cannot even rule my own household. How is it that you come to own a sword, Arya? Where did you get this?† Arya chewed her lip and said nothing. She would not betray Jon, not even to their father. After a while, Father said, â€Å"I don't suppose it matters, truly.† He looked down gravely at the sword in his hands. â€Å"This is no toy for children, least of all for a girl. What would Septa Mordane say if she knew you were playing with swords?† â€Å"I wasn't playing,† Arya insisted. â€Å"I hate Septa Mordane.† â€Å"That's enough.† Her father's voice was curt and hard. â€Å"The septa is doing no more than is her duty, though gods know you have made it a struggle for the poor woman. Your mother and I have charged her with the impossible task of making you a lady.† â€Å"I don't want to be a lady!† Arya flared. â€Å"I ought to snap this toy across my knee here and now, and put an end to this nonsense.† â€Å"Needle wouldn't break,† Arya said defiantly, but her voice betrayed her words. â€Å"It has a name, does it?† Her father sighed. â€Å"Ah, Arya. You have a wildness in you, child. ‘The wolf blood,' my father used to call it. Lyanna had a touch of it, and my brother Brandon more than a touch. It brought them both to an early grave.† Arya heard sadness in his voice; he did not often speak of his father, or of the brother and sister who had died before she was born. â€Å"Lyanna might have carried a sword, if my lord father had allowed it. You remind me of her sometimes. You even look like her.† â€Å"Lyanna was beautiful,† Arya said, startled. Everybody said so. It was not a thing that was ever said of Arya. â€Å"She was,† Eddard Stark agreed, â€Å"beautiful, and willful, and dead before her time.† He lifted the sword, held it out between them. â€Å"Arya, what did you think to do with this . . . Needle? Who did you hope to skewer? Your sister? Septa Mordane? Do you know the first thing about sword fighting?† All she could think of was the lesson Jon had given her. â€Å"Stick them with the pointy end,† she blurted out. Her father snorted back laughter. â€Å"That is the essence of it, I suppose.† Arya desperately wanted to explain, to make him see. â€Å"I was trying to learn, but . . . † Her eyes filled with tears. â€Å"I asked Mycah to practice with me.† The grief came on her all at once. She turned away, shaking. â€Å"I asked him,† she cried. â€Å"It was my fault, it was me . . . â€Å" Suddenly her father's arms were around her. He held her gently as she turned to him and sobbed against his chest. â€Å"No, sweet one,† he murmured. â€Å"Grieve for your friend, but never blame yourself. You did not kill the butcher's boy. That murder lies at the Hound's door, him and the cruel woman he serves.† â€Å"I hate them,† Arya confided, red-faced, sniffling. â€Å"The Hound and the queen and the king and Prince Joffrey. I hate all of them. Joffrey lied, it wasn't the way he said. I hate Sansa too. She did remember, she just lied so Joffrey would like her.† â€Å"We all lie,† her father said. â€Å"Or did you truly think I'd believe that Nymeria ran off?† Arya blushed guiltily. â€Å"Jory promised not to tell.† â€Å"Jory kept his word,† her father said with a smile. â€Å"There are some things I do not need to be told. Even a blind man could see that wolf would never have left you willingly.† â€Å"We had to throw rocks,† she said miserably. â€Å"I told her to run, to go be free, that I didn't want her anymore. There were other wolves for her to play with, we heard them howling, and Jory said the woods were full of game, so she'd have deer to hunt. Only she kept following, and finally we had to throw rocks. I hit her twice. She whined and looked at me and I felt so ‘shamed, but it was right, wasn't it? The queen would have killed her.† â€Å"It was right,† her father said. â€Å"And even the lie was . . . not without honor.† He'd put Needle aside when he went to Arya to embrace her. Now he took the blade up again and walked to the window, where he stood for a moment, looking out across the courtyard. When he turned back, his eyes were thoughtful. He seated himself on the window seat, Needle across his lap. â€Å"Arya, sit down. I need to try and explain some things to you.† She perched anxiously on the edge of her bed. â€Å"You are too young to be burdened with all my cares,† he told her, â€Å"but you are also a Stark of Winterfell. You know our words.† â€Å"Winter is coming,† Arya whispered. â€Å"The hard cruel times,† her father said. â€Å"We tasted them on the Trident, child, and when Bran fell. You were born in the long summer, sweet one, you've never known anything else, but now the winter is truly coming. Remember the sigil of our House, Arya.† â€Å"The direwolf,† she said, thinking of Nymeria. She hugged her knees against her chest, suddenly afraid. â€Å"Let me tell you something about wolves, child. When the snows fall and the white winds blow, the lone wolf dies, but the pack survives. Summer is the time for squabbles. In winter, we must protect one another, keep each other warm, share our strengths. So if you must hate, Arya, hate those who would truly do us harm. Septa Mordane is a good woman, and Sansa . . . Sansa is your sister. You may be as different as the sun and the moon, but the same blood flows through both your hearts. You need her, as she needs you . . . and I need both of you, gods help me.† He sounded so tired that it made Arya sad. â€Å"I don't hate Sansa,† she told him. â€Å"Not truly.† It was only half a lie. â€Å"I do not mean to frighten you, but neither will I lie to you. We have come to a dark dangerous place, child. This is not Winterfell. We have enemies who mean us ill. We cannot fight a war among ourselves. This willfulness of yours, the running off, the angry words, the disobedience . . . at home, these were only the summer games of a child. Here and now, with winter soon upon us, that is a different matter. It is time to begin growing up.† â€Å"I will,† Arya vowed. She had never loved him so much as she did in that instant. â€Å"I can be strong too. I can be as strong as Robb.† He held Needle out to her, hilt first. â€Å"Here.† She looked at the sword with wonder in her eyes. For a moment she was afraid to touch it, afraid that if she reached for it it would be snatched away again, but then her father said, â€Å"Go on, it's yours,† and she took it in her hand. â€Å"I can keep it?† she said. â€Å"For true?† â€Å"For true.† He smiled. â€Å"If I took it away, no doubt I'd find a morningstar hidden under your pillow within the fortnight. Try not to stab your sister, whatever the provocation.† â€Å"I won't. I promise.† Arya clutched Needle tightly to her chest as her father took his leave. The next morning, as they broke their fast, she apologized to Septa Mordane and asked for her pardon. The septa peered at her suspiciously, but Father nodded. Three days later, at midday, her father's steward Vayon Poole sent Arya to the Small Hall. The trestle tables had been dismantled and the benches shoved against the walls. The hall seemed empty, until an unfamiliar voice said, â€Å"You are late, boy.† A slight man with a bald head and a great beak of a nose stepped out of the shadows, holding a pair of slender wooden swords. â€Å"Tomorrow you will be here at midday.† He had an accent, the lilt of the Free Cities, Braavos perhaps, or Myr. â€Å"Who are you?† Arya asked. â€Å"I am your dancing master.† He tossed her one of the wooden blades. She grabbed for it, missed, and heard it clatter to the floor. â€Å"Tomorrow you will catch it. Now pick it up.† It was not just a stick, but a true wooden sword complete with grip and guard and pommel. Arya picked it up and clutched it nervously with both hands, holding it out in front of her. It was heavier than it looked, much heavier than Needle. The bald man clicked his teeth together. â€Å"That is not the way, boy. This is not a greatsword that is needing two hands to swing it. You will take the blade in one hand.† â€Å"It's too heavy,† Arya said. â€Å"It is heavy as it needs to be to make you strong, and for the balancing. A hollow inside is filled with lead, just so. One hand now is all that is needing.† Arya took her right hand off the grip and wiped her sweaty palm on her pants. She held the sword in her left hand. He seemed to approve. â€Å"The left is good. All is reversed, it will make your enemies more awkward. Now you are standing wrong. Turn your body sideface, yes, so. You are skinny as the shaft of a spear, do you know. That is good too, the target is smaller. Now the grip. Let me see.† He moved closer and peered at her hand, prying her fingers apart, rearranging them. â€Å"Just so, yes. Do not squeeze it so tight, no, the grip must be deft, delicate.† â€Å"What if I drop it?† Arya said. â€Å"The steel must be part of your arm,† the bald man told her. â€Å"Can you drop part of your arm? No. Nine years Syrio Forel was first sword to the Sealord of Braavos, he knows these things. Listen to him, boy.† It was the third time he had called her â€Å"boy.† â€Å"I'm a girl,† Arya objected. â€Å"Boy, girl,† Syrio Forel said. â€Å"You are a sword, that is all.† He clicked his teeth together. â€Å"Just so, that is the grip. You are not holding a battle-axe, you are holding a—† â€Å"—needle,† Arya finished for him, fiercely. â€Å"Just so. Now we will begin the dance. Remember, child, this is not the iron dance of Westeros we are learning, the knight's dance, hacking and hammering, no. This is the bravo's dance, the water dance, swift and sudden. All men are made of water, do you know this? When you pierce them, the water leaks out and they die.† He took a step backward, raised his own wooden blade. â€Å"Now you will try to strike me.† Arya tried to strike him. She tried for four hours, until every muscle in her body was sore and aching, while Syrio Forel clicked his teeth together and told her what to do. The next day their real work began.

Puritan Dbq Outline

Emily Deluzio December 7, 2012 I. Introduction: As the 1630’s came into the world, documented charters materialized into homes, farms, and churches that created the colonies of the New World. The thriving settlers made it their goal to speed up the process of the reformation of their church, as worship was a ritual part of their everyday life. The clergymen lead the colony both in church and in everyday life, as they were the most respected profession at that time.As the colonies grew larger in size, the settlers farmed the essential crops that the land could provide and traded both locally and through a transatlantic route to the motherland, Great Britain. The Puritan religious views helped influence the economic and political systems in New England, as well as the social development. II. The economic system of the Puritan settlers was helped shape by the views of the Puritan faith A. DOCUMENT I 1. Their Puritan faith gives the settlers their drive to succeed and work hard, w hich ends in profit for the farmers who spend their time away from the church in the fields. . The Puritans made it their goal to be good Christians so they can go to heaven. If the Puritan faith says that they need to follow the rules to become one the elect people that go to heaven, then the Puritans will work as hard as they can to present themselves as good Christians. 3. This helped the Puritans become financially stable and made them believe that they were helping God in seeing that they were fit to be in the elect group. B. DOCUMENT C 1. Promising also unto our best ability to teach our children and servants the knowledge of God, and of His Will, that they may serve Him also† 2. John Winthrop called their settlement a â€Å"city upon a hill†, meaning that they were going to be close to God in every way. Them making their agriculture flourish and boosting their economic status is their way of following God’s will and serving him. 3. Feeling connected to God is one of the Puritans’ religious goals. III. In the settlement’s political system, religion was dominant at all times. A. DOCUMENT G 1. That state that will give liberty of conscience in matters of religion, must give liberty of conscience and conversation in their moral laws, or else the fiddle will be out of tune, and some of the strings crack† 2. At this time, there was religious persecution. There were settlers that did not believe that the Puritans were absolutely correct in how they ran the colony based off of religion. 3. If the government made tolerant effort for the freethinkers to think what is on their minds, then they needed to have an open mind for others’ freedom requests.B. DOCUMENT H 1. â€Å"for whatever transcendent power is given will certainly overrun those that give it and those that receive it†¦ It is therefore fit for every man to be studious of the bounds which the Lord hath set† 2. In the settlers’ eyes, the al mighty powerful is God. If one man had too much power, it could look like he is undermining how the almighty powerful God is not as mighty if a commoner as almost as much power as him. 3. People with too much power will abuse it and make laws that will not help the colony IV. A.DOCUMENT A 1. †if wee shall deale falsely with our God in this worke wee have undertaken, and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by-word through the world† 2. During this period of time, the Indians were the owners of the land in what would be known today as New England. The Puritans needed a plot of land to live on once they moved to the New World. When they found the Indians, God’s approval and presence was what fueled the actions that lead to the colonization and settlement. 3.The colonists felt that God was on their side and was assisting them in the defeat of the Indians that were previously living on the land that the colonists were mo ving to. This mindset is what fueled many attacks the British enacted towards the Indians. B. DOCUMENT B 1. The Church was in the center of their settlement. 2. The colonists took at least two trips to the Church a day. It was in an easy-to-get location for all colonists. 3. The colonists all lived in tightly knit neighborhoods and each family their own allotted space to farm on the outskirts of the colony. C. DOCUMENT E 1. One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning, and perpetuate it to Posterity† 2. The colonists are adjusted to their new life and are looking to advance in different aspects of everyday life. Education was not a huge priority for the colonists because the two largest concerns were the Church and farming to help the economy. 3. The colonists wanted to increase the opportunities of learning how to read and write for the boys in the colony. There cannot be an illiterate priest, because they would not be able to read and lead t he morning and evening masses.V. Conclusion: Religion influenced the Puritans’ way of life and the economic and political systems in the New England colony in the 1630s through the 1660s. God was always priority in every action in the colony. The economy system was built of the thought of God’s approval. Religion was brought into politics, affecting how it was ultimately functioned. God was dominant over everyday activities like education and farming. As more colonies came to be in the New World, the Puritan colony grew over time to be one of the most successful models of how a colony should function.

Elections essays

Elections essays There are actually many definitions of civil society. But with all its working definitions, I understand civil society as a certain domain that is independent of the state. According to Sidney Silliman, civil society seeks benefits, political reform and accountability from the state but it does not aim to gain formal power nor is it there to overthrow the government. As the country develops to keep up with the modern world, the political system also becomes more complex and in addition, the people become more difficult to control. This is why there has been an ongoing rise for civil society groups, many of which assume the functions and processes normally associated with governments to try and compensate with the current situation. Citizen activism in the Philippines has been generally caused by our deteriorating socioeconomic conditions, the corruption which goes on in different parts of the political system and the failure of the government to address and mend them. Citizens have then come together and organized different civil society groups in response to these circumstances to either compensate for the states failures or to pressure the state to correct its policies. Election, both local and national, especially in the Philippine context, has been a very controversial issue for the longest time. We have heard of different cases such as vote buying, presence of deceased/flying voters, and taking of ballot boxes among others. This only decreases the credibility of the choices of people we can put into power. The most likely outcome would be the discouragement of the public to vote for the different candidates since the winner would most likely be a product of injustice. The Philippines, being a democratic country, needs citizen organizations to participate in the election process to help educate the masses about the importance of elections and the urgency of voting and also to be there to monitor every aspect of the ...

The Long History of Perfume

The Long History of Perfume Perfume is thousands of years old, with evidence of the first perfumes dating back to Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Cyprus. The English word perfume comes from the Latin per fume, meaning through smoke. History of Perfume Around the World The Ancient Egyptians were the first to incorporate perfume into their culture, followed by the ancient Chinese, Hindus, Israelites, Carthaginians, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans.   The oldest perfumes ever found were discovered by archeologists in Cyprus. They were more than four thousand years old. A cuneiform tablet from Mesopotamia, dating back more than three thousand years, identifies a woman named Tapputi as the first recorded perfume maker. But perfumes could also be found in India at the time. The earliest use of perfume bottles is Egyptian and dates to around 1000 BCE. The Egyptians invented glass and perfume bottles were one of the first common uses for glass. Persian and Arab chemists helped codify the production of perfume and its use spread throughout the world of classical antiquity. The rise of Christianity, however, saw a decline in the use of perfume for much of the Dark Ages. It was the Muslim world that kept the traditions of perfume alive during this time- and helped trigger its revival with the onset of international trade. The 16th century saw the popularity of perfume explode in France, especially among the upper classes and nobles. With help from â€Å"the perfume court,† the court of Louis XV, everything got perfumed: Furniture, gloves, and other clothing.   The 18th-century invention of eau de cologne helped the perfume industry continue to grow.   Uses of Perfume One of the oldest uses of perfume comes from the burning of incense and aromatic herbs for religious services, often the aromatic gums, frankincense and myrrh gathered from trees.  It did not take long, though, for people to discover perfume’s romantic potential and it was used both for seduction and as preparation for love-making. With the arrival of eau de cologne, 18th-century France began using perfume for a broad range of purposes. They used it in their bath water, in poultices and enemas, and consumed it in wine or drizzled on a sugar lump. Although niche perfume makers remain to cater to the very rich, perfumes today enjoy widespread use- and not just among women. The selling of perfume, however, is no longer just the purview of perfume makers. In the 20th century, clothing designers began marketing their own lines of scents, and almost any celebrity with a lifestyle brand can be found hawking a perfume with their name (if not smell) on it.

The strategies of advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The strategies of advertising - Essay Example To come up with the Assessments, you have first to consider the risks and opportunities. Some additional things to consider are the future expectations, expected competitions and the consumer attitudes. The second part: action entails what should be done about the opportunities and issues related to the assessment. For instance, the action that is to be taken with respect to technological trends, media and competition. Precisely, to address all these issues of advertising, you should make use of the product brand, its direct market and social media podia. Now this article is based on the Commercial: Men’s men and Women’s women; Acura Integra. And this is an advertisement that mainly entails the advertisement of gender televisions and commercials for instance a quoted by Steve Craig in pg. 57, â€Å"Large advertisers and their agencies have evolved the pseudo-scientific method of time purchasing based on demographics, with the age and sex of the consumer generally consi dered to be the most important predictors of purchasing behaviour† (Craig, p57). Strategies involve campaigns designed by the business to inspire potential customers to buy a product. These strategies are aimed at targeting the audience perceived to be most probably out of the populace to buy the product. Advertising strategies entail elements like price points, geographic settings, and perceived demographics of the customers, special offers and advertising media like websites, television, or billboards used to display the product. Considering our main Commercial: Men’s men and Women’s women, a gender television and commercial, we relate them to a specific drink for instance beer. It is clear that those particular ads that display beer as a guy drink and associates it’s drinking to only guys who like fishing trips, girls and bars, are missing the point (Barthel, p58). Quite the reverse, both genders can get themselves some weight after drinking this

Celiac's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celiac's Disease - Essay Example "The incidence of auto immune disorders in the general US population is 3.5 % (The University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center 2)." As per some well informed estimates, nearly 3 million Americans suffer from celiac disease. An average healthy person in the US has roughly 1 in 133 chances of being affected by this disorder. Persons having a first-degree or second-degree relative suffering from celiac disease do often have a more then average probability of being affected by this disease. Most of the patients suffering from celiac disease develop related complications owing to a delayed diagnosis. Thus an early diagnosis of celiac disease is very important as this may significantly reduce the risk of developing further complications (The University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center 2). Though the etiology of celiac disease has not conclusively been established till date, environmental, immunologic and genetic factors have been found to be significant contributors to the disease. The most prominent environmental factor is the association of this disease with gluten. Not only does gluten restriction plays a central role in the treatment of this disease, but the insertion of gluten in the normal appearing rectum and distal ileum of the affected patients results in discernable morphologic changes (Kasper, et al. 1771). An immunologic component to this disease is strongly suspected because of the presence of "serum antibodies- IgA antigliadin, IgA antiendomysial and IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTg) (Kasper et al. 1771)" in the affected patients. Also the patients treated with prednisolone have been found to respond favorably. A genetic factor is certainly associated with this order, since the Caucasians have been found to have a higher prevalence of celiac diseas e as compared to blacks and Asians (Kasper et al. 1771).Though the symptoms of celiac disease may vary from patient to patient, the common symptoms may involve: bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, discolored teeth or loss of enamel, joint pain, significant unexplained weight loss, delayed growth, fractures or thin bones, bulky or loose stools, fatigue, tingling or numbness in the limbs, canker sores, irritability or behavior changes, poor weight gain and missed menstrual periods (National Foundation for Celiac Awareness). Illnesses like: Anemia, depression, Type I diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, dermatitis herpetiformis, infertility, IBS, peripheral neuropathy, Turner Syndrome, osteoporosis, thyroid disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, intestinal cancer, Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, may also be linked to celiac disease (National Foundation for Celiac Awareness).The most credible way of diagnosing celiac sprue is a small intestine biopsy. A biopsy should unexceptionally be performed on the patients exhibiting distinct symptoms of celiac disease, like nutrient deficiency and malabsorption (Kasper et al. 1772). Many a times the patients suffering from celiac disease fail to exhibit any distinct or conspicuous symptoms of this malady. In the recent years, the incidence of asymptomatic cases of celiac disease has been on the rise (Craig et al 1). Thus it is imperative for a

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Coursework Example Illustration 1 above shows a Heron’s Fountain schematic drawing. Three major parts of the Heron’s fountain facilitate the functioning of the fountain. In the schematic diagram, there are three components referred as Basins A to C. Joining the basins together are vessels that allow air and fluid pressure to be transferred through. The connection of the parts as shown in illustration 1 show that the apparatus should make use of supporting mechanism in order to hold each component or part to the respective position. With respect to Basin B, the top of the component should be sealed off and then water is poured into the basin. Basin C is left empty and connection hose is hooked to join the two basins/vessels as illustrated in the figure above (illustration 1). Additionally, Basin A is placed above Basin B and a joining hose to Basin B is fitted connecting the two. Basin A and Basin C are connected as well using another hose as shown in the figure above. When water is poured into Basin A, it flows through the hose connecting Basin A with Basin C and collects in Basin C. When the water flows into C, air in C is replaced and hydrostatic pressure results (P2=rho gh2) adding to the primary atmospheric pressure (Patm) of C’s air volume. Following the flow of air from C as result of the Pascal’s principle and forces the water in vessel or Basin B to move up the hose connecting B with A. There is action and reaction between pressure exerted by the air and the primary atmospheric pressure leading to hydrostatic pressure (P1 = rho gh1). Air in basin B and C is compressed and drives the water to shoot from the upper basin thus resulting in a continuous movement of water to run the fountain (Brown, 2010). Heron’s Fountain considered various principles and concepts of physics. Among the most applicable are Pascal’s and Bernoulli’s principles. While Pascal’s principle explains the pressure changes as a

Product extension of procter and gamble

Product extension of procter and gamble The Procter Gamble Company (PG) is one of the worlds largest consumer goods companies. It markets more than 300 brands in the beauty, health, fabric, home, baby, family, and personal care product categories. The company operates in the Americas, Europe and Asia. It is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, and employs about 135,000 people. CORPORATE OBJECTIVES The objective of Procter Gamble is that They will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the worlds consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. (http://www.uk.pg.com/company/aboutPG/purposeValuesPrinciples.html) CORPORATE STRATEGY Procter Gamble (PG), one of the worlds largest consumer goods companies is also a pioneer in the use of mass media. The company has used newspaper advertisements, radio and soap operas to advertise its popular brands like Crest, Pampers, Pantene and Folgers. During 1990-2000, however,  its rate of growth took a plunge. When AG Lafley took over as CEO in 2000, he gave PG a complete makeover with the focus on innovation and advertising. Since 2000, PG has been increasingly embracing targeted, viral and on-line marketing. (http://www.uk.pg.com/company/aboutPG/purposeValuesPrinciples.html) PROPOSED PRODUCT olayLogo87_Jul06.jpg Evolution Olay is a worldwide leader in skin care and have been trusted by women for fifty years. Graham Wulff, an innovative and entrepreneurial South African chemist developed the original formula at the beginning of the 1950s. Olay has eight global product lines offering a multiple of product. Product such as; Olay professional pro-X, Olay Definity, Olay Regenerist, Olay Total effect, Olay complete, Olay hydrate cleanse, Olay clarity, Olay body lotion, Olay touch of sun and Olay body cleansing (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/14719894/Oil-Of-Olay-Products). Skin care is evolving faster than ever with independent clinical trial and new standards in natural and organic cosmetics. Olay evolution will be a combination of Olay total effects (7 seven powerful anti-ageing in one) and Olay Definity (fight wrinkles, brown spot and discolouration). Many consumers want products that offer more than one benefit. So this product is expected to moisturize, fight free radicals and give the skin a more youthful appearance. This product would offer the costumer an ideal combination of the world most powerful skin care solution. Anti-aging is the fastest-growing skin segment, standing at $567.6 million, now representing the biggest category in skin care, surpassing facial cleansers which stand at $559.2 million. (http://www.allbusiness.com/population-demographics/demographic-groups/5517853-1.html) product-landing-definity_v6.jpg product-landing-total-effects.jpg Women are very particular when dealing with their face. They need to be convinced the product will deliver all the promised benefits. Women are willing to try new things and spend more money to look better and younger. Skin care attracts customers from all income level as most women like to take care of their appearance. The increase number of women working equates women with more money to spend and skin care is one of the favourite avenues for their spending. Based on Procter Gamble F4Q10 (Qtr End 06/30/2010) Earnings Call Transcript, Female Skin Care grew volume double digits with positive share trends. In the U.S., Olay all-outlet value share of the Facial Moisturizer segment was up almost two points behind the continued strength of the Olay Pro-X line and the Olay Regenerist Roller ball Eye Treatment innovation. Olay also had strong results in developing markets, more than doubling shipments in India, Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. Organic sales increased 5%, driven by 8% organic volume growth. (http://seekingalpha.com/article/218380-procter-gamble-f4q10-qtr-end-06-30-2010-earnings-call-transcript) Rate of Global skin care market 2002 and 2007 Country 2002 ( £M) 2009 ( £M) US 6,752.2 8,059.2 FRANCE 2,391.1 4,368.0 GERMANY 1,975.1 3,239.3 ITALY 1,440.0 2,340.4 SPAIN 956.4 1,897.9 UK 1,612.7 2,937.6 Source: Euro monitor international Below are the analyses of the business environment to back up the proposal. ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Every Business operates within an environment, these environments directly and indirectly affects the way those businesses function. Competition in the skin care industry tends to be more intense and there are many changes that can be regarded as threat and opportunity that it is important for managers to cope with. MACRO Political The political environment Relates to the pressures and opportunities brought by changes of the government and their views toward the skin care industry. Each government always have a mandate to regulate the use on non organic ingredients in most skin care product. Economic This Refers to economic factors and structures and such variables like the stock exchange, interest and inflation rates, the nations economic policies and performance, exchange rates, etc. Although PG is based in the US, it earns revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the US dollar. As a result, increases or decreases in the value of the US dollar against other major currencies will affect the companys net operating revenues, operating income and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Social Middle-aged women are very interested in skin care items that help them retain a more youthful appearance and complexion. Observing social factors helps organisations maintain their reputation among stakeholders. Technological Changes in technology can affect a company competitive position. Industries merge; new strategic groups emerge; currents products improve and the cost of production gets reduced by process innovation. Because the skin care industry is very competitive, the company necessitate taking advantage of the latest technology and revolutionary substances to create new product in order to maintain customers interest and loyalty. Environmental With global warming and carbon foot prints being big concerns, governments and scientists are encouraging companies and individuals to be more environmentally aware. PGs policy is to: Ensure its products, packaging and operations are safe for their employees, consumers and the environment. Reduce or prevent the environmental impact of products and packaging in their design, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal whenever possible. They support the sustainable use of resources and actively encourage reuse, recycling and composting. MICRO Buyer Power;  Consumer products companies face weak buyer power because customers are disjointed and have little influence on price or product. But considering the buyers of consumer products to be retailers rather than individuals, then these firms face very strong buyer power. One good example is the business relationship between wall-mart and PG (see swot analysis). Supplier Power; the company could face some amount of supplier power simply because of the costs incurred when switching suppliers. Notwithstanding, suppliers that do large amount of business with the company also are somewhat obliged to their customers; nonetheless, bargaining power for both the firms and their suppliers is probably limited. Threat of New Entrants;  Given the amount of capital investment needed to enter the skin care industry, the assumption is that threat of new entrants will be fairly low. Threat of Substitutes;  Within the skin care industry, brands thrive in helping to build a competitive advantage, but even the pricing power of brands can be scoured with substitutes. Threats to this product may arise from other anti-aging products such as; Avotone, Revitol, Ceramide C etc. Degree of Rivalry; Skin care industry is a very competitive market, taking advantage of the latest technology and revolutionary substances to create new product in order to maintain customers interest and loyalty will be very important. In doing so it will increase the companys competitive advantage over other top brands like Avon and Nivea Visage. INTERNAL The internal environment constitutes variables and forces within the control of the organisation. These variables are; conditions, entities,  events, and  factors  within an organization which  influence  its  activities  and  choices, its philosophy, particularly the  behaviour of the  employees. Other variables include; the  organisation mission statement,  leadership style, and its  culture. SWOT Analysis; this is a planning method use to evaluate the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and treat to a business. It involves specifying objectives of a business at the same time identifying the internal and external elements that will affect the business both positive and negative in the race to attain its stated objectives. Strengths Weaknesses Leading market position geared on a strong brand portfolio. Significant RD and market investment. Robust cash productivity Increase instances of product recall. Excessive dependant on Wal-mart. High product prices translated into sales volume decline and market share loss. Opportunities Threats Future growth plans- Increase concentration on its core attractive businesses and enhancing its customer base. Increase investment in manufacturing capacity in developing countries. Acquisitions to expand portfolio Counterfeit goods. Changing global retail scenario and rise of private labels. Commodity cost and currency exchange rate. Rising cost of energy prices Economic slowdown in US and Euro zone. (www.datamonitor.com) STRENGTHS Leading market position garnered on a strong brand portfolio With revenues of $79,029 million, PG is the worlds largest consumer products manufacturer, with its products reaching 4 billion people worldwide. PG is the 20th largest company in sales and the 9th largest company in profit among the Fortune 500 companies. The companys market capitalization in 2009 was roughly $150 billion, making it one of the 10 most valuable companies in the US. PG holds leading global market shares in a variety of categories, including baby care (33%), blades and razors (70%), feminine protection (37%), and fabric care (33%). The companys leadership position is built on its strong brand portfolio. Strong brand portfolio enables the company to achieve economies of scale in distribution and retain a strong bargaining position with retailers. Leading market position provides PG with significant competitive advantage as well as stabilizes the companys financial growth Significant RD and market investment. Being a consumer products company, PG relies heavily on innovation and continued marketing investments in order to establish a significant competitive advantage. As a result, the company has made significant investments in RD and marketing. Over the last decade, PG has invested more than $2 billion in consumer and market research (nearly twice that of its closest competitor, Unilever; and equal to the combined total of its other major competitors; Avon, Clorox Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Energizer Holdings, Henkel, Kimberly-Clark, LOreal, and Reckitt Benckiser). Virtually, all the organic sales growth delivered by PG in the past nine years has come from new brands and new or improved product innovation. PG also involves external innovation partners to boost its internal innovative capability, an approach it calls Connect and Develop. Currently, more than half of all product innovation coming from PG includes at least one major component from an external partner. PGs strong RD capabilities and a marketing-driven understanding of consumer needs are backed by significant marketing investments. The company invests more than $7 billion in advertising annually, consistently making PG one of the worlds largest advertisers. Strong focus on research and development allows PG to renew its product line at regular intervals, which boosts customer loyalty and revenue growth. Significant marketing investments to support its brands and a broad product portfolio help PG to remain at forefront in a competitive market. Robust cash productivity PGs cash productivity: the percentage of earnings converted into cash has averaged over 100% since 2001, consistently among the very best in the industry. This is primarily due to PGs strong focus on productivity, working-capital management and cost reduction. Furthermore, PG is equally rigorous about managing costs. The company has reduced overhead costs as a percentage of sales by more than 300 basis points since 2001. The cash productivity allows PG to maintain the companys excellent credit rating, to pay strong dividends, and to have the flexibility to invest in the business organically or through mergers and acquisitions. Therefore, robust cash productivity ensures that PG has the flexibility and the resources to invest in growth even in the most challenging environments. WEAKNESSES PG has been registering increasing instance of product recalls. One case in point is in November 2009, the company voluntarily recalled three lots of its Vicks Sinex nasal spray in the US, Germany and the UK. The recall was a precautionary step after finding the bacteria B. cepacia in a small amount of product made at its plant in Gross Gerau, Germany. In March 2010, PG voluntarily recalled its Pringles Restaurant Cravers Cheeseburger potato crisps and Pringles Family Faves Taco Night potato crisps in response to a recommendation from the Food Drug Administration (FDA) to the food industry to protect consumers from potential Salmonella exposure. Most recently in June 2010, PG voluntarily recalled a small percentage of 1-liter bottles of Scope Original Mint and Scope Peppermint mouthwash with malfunctioning child-resistant caps in the US and Canada. Recurrent product recalls could affect the brand image of the company, which would lead to low customer loyalty and brand equity. Excessive dependent on Wal-Mart PG is heavily dependent on Wal-Mart Stores (Wal-Mart) and its affiliates for generating major part of its revenue. Sales to Wal-Mart and its affiliates represented approximately 15% of its total revenue since 2006. High dependence upon a Wal-Mart reduces the bargaining power of the company. Also, Wal-Mart could use its bargaining power to impose unfavourable terms on the company. Any decrease in revenue from Wal-Mart could have a negative impact on the companys businesses. Hence, the loss of this customer will lead to a sharp decline in PGs revenues and also a loss of its market share. OPPRTUNITIES Future growth plans In order to grow in a highly competitive environment, PG is pursuing a clearly drafted strategy with focus on two areas: increasing concentration on its core attractive businesses and enhancing its customer base. The company is sharply focusing on its core attractive businesses (the beauty and health market segments and several household care categories) as these are fast-growing businesses. For instance, the global market for personal care products has annual sales of over $39.5 billion and is growing at a rate of around 5% annually. PG intends to increase its customer base by acquiring under served and unserved consumers. In line with this, the company is targeting developing markets; extending its distribution systems; and expanding its brand and product portfolio. Developing and emerging economies are expected to account for 90% of the worlds population by 2010, and this is expected to drive demand for fast moving consumer goods. Increased investment in manufacturing capacity in developing countries PG is planning the biggest increase in its manufacturing capacity in order to expand into categories and countries where it doesnt have a brand presence. The company is investing 4% of sales in capital spending, including funding for new manufacturing capacity to support future growth. Over the next five years, PG plans to add 20 new manufacturing facilities. Almost all of these facilities are in developing markets, and almost all will be multi-product category facilities. By focusing on developing markets, the company would reduce the cost of serving these markets while also being closer to regions with the greatest long term growth potential. Acquisitions to expand portfolio PG has made significant acquisitions in the recent past. For instance, in June 2009, the company acquired the Zirh skincare brand. Zirh is a leading super premium, male grooming brand available in high-end department stores, specialty outlets and online. Later in May 2010, PG entered into an agreement to acquire Natura Pet Products, a privately-held pet food business. Most recently, in July 2010, the company concluded its purchase of the Ambi Pur Brand from Sara Lee Corporation. Ambi Pur is a leading global air care brand with presence in 80 countries, and also has several toilet care products, with strong presence in Western Europe and Asia. These kinds of acquisitions will strengthen PGs presence across a range of categories and in turn augment its top line and bottom-line. THREATS Changing global retail scenario and rise of private labels PGs products are sold in a highly competitive global marketplace which is experiencing an increased trade concentration and the growing presence of large format retailers and discounters. With the growing trend toward retail trade consolidation, it is increasingly dependent on key retailers. Some of these retailers have a greater bargaining strength than PG. They may use this leverage to demand higher trade discounts, allowances or slotting fees, which could lead to reduced sales or profitability. Commodity cost and currency exchange rate instability places tremendous pressure on PGs business. Not to mention the unexpected and dramatic devaluations of currencies in developing or emerging markets reduce profits. Counterfeit goods Trade of counterfeits and pass-offs products is negatively affecting the growth of FMCG companies like PG. The top two brands within any category be it cosmetics, detergents, or soaps are effected the most by counterfeit. It is estimated that the loss due to counterfeit products convert into around  £6 billion ($8.5 billion). Furthermore, with the advent of digital channels there has been a surge in the sale of counterfeit products and online sales of these products increased by 9% in 2009. Besides revenue losses, counterfeits and pass-offs also affect the companys brand as they are unsafe. (Swot analysis Source: www.datamonitor.com ) The best strategies accomplish an organisation mission by exploiting an organisation opportunity and strength, while neutralizing its treat and avoiding its weakness. Ansoff matrix Ansoff matrix highlight four possible market strategy for the propose product. ansoff_matrix-124013-1.jpeg (http://www.brothersoft.com/ansoff-matrix-124013.html). Product development: as this is a new product in the range, much emphasis will be to offer the product to the existing customer base. Using the competitive advantages and brand image of previous products to lunch the propose product. With the companys focus on advertising, (worlds largest advertisers) it can use the advertising power to push the product to recognition. Sixty percent (60%) of the strategy will be on product development. Diversification: One of the opportunities available to the company is launching into new markets and developing economies. Forty percent (40%) of the strategy will be to launch the propose product in an entirely new market. Market Penetration: this occurs when the company sells its existing product in its existing market, perhaps through greater promotional efforts. As this is a new product this strategy might be considered in the future. Market Development: this occurs when the company tries to sell it existing products in new and emerging markets. This strategy as well might be for future considerations.